Globalisation have dramatically accelerated the pace of change in modern organisations

Globalisation have dramatically accelerated the pace of change in modern organisations Introduction: Technology explosion and globalisation have dramatically accelerated the pace of change in modern organisations (Prastacos 2002). Organisational Change has become a compulsion in order to maintain competitive edge or be successful in modern businesses and a difficult process to implement in practice due to its complex nature (Hamel et al, 1996) The objectives of this report are to look at the significance of change within an organisation, relation between bureaucracy and hierarchy, stakeholders, models for involving stakeholders, models for change and etc within Tesco. Tesco was founded in 1924 by Sir Jack Cohen and had earlier roots from selling groceries in Londons East End markets. The first store to be opened was in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware. The first Tesco self-service store was opened in St Albans in 1948. In the 1960s, Tesco started to sell fresh food, clothing and household goods in addition to groceries and opened stores in high streets of towns across England. In the 1990s, Tesco started to expand its operations outside the UK into Eastern Europe. In 1992 Tesco opened its city center stores under the branding of Tesco Metro. In 1995 Tesco introduced the loyalty card and by the end of the 90s diversified further into banking. In the year 2000, Tesco is Britains leading food retailer with 845 stores. It prides itself on quality, customer service and a customer-friendly environment. Task-1: Question-1: Significant change within an organization: A description of the use of ICT for Internal External Communications of the business; Information and communication technology has totally transformed, over the last few years, which has led to a major change in the way communication flows through a business. This has had a massive affect on the way Tesco operates today, as they are a service-related organisation, as they dont produce their own goods. Some examples of changes in technology that have had an effect on the way Tesco communicates internally and externally are; Email- Is used to replace old methods such as faxes, telephone calls and letters, as e-mail is a lot quicker, especially if the message has to be sent to more than one person, it is more convenient than conventional methods, it is also used to correspond with suppliers. Internet- This allows Tesco to create a communication link with the global market; this allows better communication between staff and customers that are overseas. Tescos website allows its customers to see what they are doing externally (e.g.) how they help the local community, it also allows them to explore Tescos range of products and services. Customer can browse through 24 hours a day from anywhere in the world. Network Databases- Has allowed Tesco to replace the old traditional ways of filling and storing information. Customer Service-At Tesco any questions or complaints can be dealt with over the phone or through the Internet, this makes the communication process a lot quicker. Payment Methods- There are a number of ways in which Tescos customers can pay for their goods or services, some of the payment methods that are accepted at Tesco are; Cheque- Details can be printed out at the till, using the information given to produce a receipt. Cheques can be used to pay up to a given price. Debit Card- This allows the customer to pay for their goods or service without any cash, the transaction is automatically checked at the customers bank account, the payment is guaranteed once it has been checked if there is enough in the persons account. Credit Card- This is a similar process however, the money is not taken from the customers account, the sale is paid for at the time. Customers may also ask for up to £50 cash back. IT in store Operation- Information Technology is essential for any large organisation affectively, it is used for many in store operations, for example, monitoring sales, ordering stock etc. Tesco sell thousands of products, therefore they use computerised merchandising systems, to order the correct products to the correct place without these type of system it would be a very long process. Goods are no longer entered manually, which means accurate pricing is guaranteed, because Tesco sell thousands of products, each item has an individual barcode usually printed somewhere on the package, this allows Tesco to monitor their stock levels, which means that once a certain amount of a particular product is sold the computer will automatically re-order the product, this is known as the Sales Based Order. Home Shopping- Tesco has introduced a home shopping service with the use of information technology, this enables people to order their shopping from home using the internet, this is done through a computer programme, it allows its customers to order any of the products that the particular branch sells, orders can be placed 24 hours a day, orders are delivered to the customers home. These home shopper customers have to register and are given a personal ID number, payments for shopping can be made by debit and credit cards. Responsible some factors for significant change: The major sources of changes are the Environmental firstly, taking the shape of economic and political change where we had the rise of enterprise economy and market led economies. Moreover, new work patterns have emerged where more pat-time workers and permanent employees are used nowadays, and with the rise of competition from Europe, Japan or multinational corporations have made it difficult to cope correctly with employees. Finally, we must note the various and fast technological advancements which take place and the shortening of product life cycles that lead to short range strategies and increased flexibility. These factors are discussed as below: Competition in Marketplace: Since year 2004, Tesco, who considers to be a market leader as a Grocery retail sector in the UK not only faced first ever fall in its profit on sales but also faced fierce competition from existing new chains of food retailing market. It is true that falling sales and the first loss in the companys history have forced them to think about radical changes. The UK food retailing market is mature and highly competitive. In addition, the UK market has been affected by negative inflation in the food sector. This negative inflation has been driven by the so-called Wal-Mart effect i.e. downward pressure on prices from Asda / Wal-Marts aggressive Every Day Low Price strategy; it was the Wal-Mart effect that pressurized TESCO into a price war. Changes in Attitude of Customers: Due to high competition, company has faced a considerable change in attitude of customer towards its products. As a maneuver, Tesco has been making continuous attraction strategies for its customers to keep them in close intact in order to remain at top position. So, they always try to bring most attractive goods for the customers. The new option in the goods has been very well advertised nationwide as a result customers are very well attracted towards Tesco. Political factor:  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚   Public concern about the effect of out of town superstores on town centers has grown and both current and future planning policies will seriously hamper future development. Though conversions of existing stores allow some increase in selling space it is limited.  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚   Community organizations have since gained momentum consequent to the Competition Commissions ruling and have been lobbying neighborhoods to boycott supermarkets and large food manufacturers and instead support small independent suppliers, processors and retailers at the expense of large supermarkets like TESCO. Economic:   Businesses cannot control their environment however much they would wish to, instead they must react / adapt to changes within the environment, and this is particularly true in relation to the economy. In periods of recession, many businesses are forced to reduce staffing levels, whilst in boom periods of high growth businesses may seek to expand the size of their workforce to cater for increasing levels of demand for their goods / services. Whilst the UK economy has seen steady overall growth, there has for some time been a cycle of boom and slump within the economy, which has forced businesses to redefine their staffing needs. Social:  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.K population on a whole is far more health conscious than in previous years. There has been a trend away from genetically modified foods towards organic foods.  ¨Ã‚  Peoples wealth increases, with the decrease in time for shopping. Besides, people enjoy a busier lifestyle, fewer people cook everyday for themselves. Therefore, the ready meals have become welcome by consumers. Technology: The increasing dependency of businesses on technology to gain competitive advantage over competitors, and the subsequent need to keep pace with technological advances have resulted in increasing emphasis being placed on organisations ensuring that their staffs skill base is constantly re-assessed and developed, through training and recruitment to keep pace with the use of technology.  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Grocery retail sector is a major user of new technology. The increasing use of electronic data interchange, laser and self-scanning and other point-of-sale equipment has been a feature of recent innovations by retailers. The use of loyalty cards and the provision of financial and other services have also involved the introduction of sophisticated computer-based systems. Globalization: In the presence of globalization factor, Tesco also change its policies accordingly. This is considered to be one of the major changes in Tesco operations. Same trend has been showing in international regions also. By that company is working on a change to build strong reliable partners. Conclusion: Organisations are a vital part of our society and serve several important needs and demands.   How an organisation is managed in relation to actions of management and the decisions made have an impact on all concerned including other organisations, the community environment as well as individuals. As consumers plays the lifeblood role in Grocery Retail industry, TESCO approach remains Re-active, were it adopts low price strategy to attract customers. Also TESCO is often forced to change their strategy as the competition changes. Question-2: Relation between bureaucracy and hierarchy to the organisational structure and change: A bureaucracy is a type of organisational structure that is found in many large-scale organisations. It appears in both public and private organisations and is a structure that still exists in the majority of industrial organisations in the world, despite being around since the 18th century. Ideally bureaucracy is characterised by hierarchical authority relations, defined spheres of competence subject to impersonal rules, recruitment by competence, and fixed salaries. The main aims of a bureaucracy are to be rational, efficient, and professional. German sociologist, Max Weber was the most important student of bureaucracy, and he described bureaucracy as technically superior to all other forms of organization. Bureaucratic systems have a greater sense of direction and purpose than other types of organisation structure and this helped by the hierarchy of positions and well developed rule system that is consistent in a bureaucracy. Hierarchy structure is sometimes called the Pyramid structure. In this structure there are few people who working above others. These people such as Marketing Manager have more authority over their employees. In many businesses each part of the department is divided into specialists departments where they deal with different task but have the same overall aim. Management in this structure is led by Vertical Communication, which means that the communication goes from the top of the structure to the bottom of the structure. Advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy and hierarchy organisational form: Weber stressed (Conley, 2002) both the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracies. Advantages of bureaucratic system: Bureaucratic system is a very effective way of structuring an organisation. So, it has some advantages like as below: Bureaucracies provide a hierarchical structure whereby workers can rise through the ranks to positions of relative power. Progression is based on technical expertise thereby increasing the professional management of organisations. The development of written rules offered protection to less powerful workers and provided a basis for trade union negotiation. Bureaucracies replaced nepotism and favouritism with impersonal social relations and the basis for equality of treatment. Disadvantages of bureaucratic system: Although, bureaucracy organisational form is very effective for an organisation but it also offer various drawbacks which are as below: Hierarchies and rules formalise power structures and status divides in workplaces Rules cannot cover every eventuality and are themselves subject to interpretation. Over-attention to a rigid set of rules can often hinder the smooth running of an organisation Bureaucracies can create iron cages which dehumanise work The advantages of hierarchy structure are: A leader or leadership team can give the business a direction A leader or team could make quick appropriate decisions on behalf of the organisation. Employees are clear about their position and Span of control within the organisation. Employees know who to report to in events of problems instead of going to the owner directly for irrelevant issues. Employees become motivated because they get a chance to become promoted to a higher tier. The disadvantages of hierarchy structure are: Decisions can often take time to follow the chain of command. Employees can be demotivated if there are considered as at the bottom of the hierarchy. Decisions may be made by a few that are not in the interest of everyone on the organisation. After researching I have found out that the main structure that Tesco operate in is Hierarchy I think that this is a good structure mainly this is because there are more advantages then drawbacks plus this is a good structure to operate in for a big company like Tesco. Question-3 Compare and contrast of bureaucracy and hierarchy organisational form: Bureaucracy can have a positive effect on the organisation it could also cause alienation and sense of purposelessness from workers within the system. Working in a large bureaucratic organisation may induce the feeling that they are mere cogs in a huge machine, and therefore lead to unmotivated staff and a decrease of efficiency. Communication through the hierarchy may well be slow in a bureaucratic system, due to the tendency towards centralisation, which would affect the initiative at the lower levels. Due to the bureaucratic systems being well suited to predictable and stable situations, they are not very flexible and therefore find it hard to deal with conditions of change. The rules of a bureaucracy are very rigid and are designed to achieve organisational objectives. However due to the rigidity it may obstruct the attainment of goals and lose sight of its overall organisational objectives. Although bureaucracy has proved its need in the current business environment, there are still several downsides, not only for the organisation, but also for the employee. Many argue that in the twenty-first century, a bureaucratic organisation will be too expensive to maintain. It will also be incapable of responding quickly to change and will not be using the innovative resource of its members. Due to the hierarchical system, problems are usually passed upwards, preventing employees contributing to decisions, which will not promote proactive behaviour and can be damaging to an organisation. Task-2 Question-1 Stakeholders: A stakeholder in an organization is any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objectives. (R. Edward Freeman, 46). In the changing business world, a wide range of stakeholders may have an involvement with an organization, such as shareholders, customers, investors, employees, the media, government and non-government organizations. Internal and connected stakeholders: Internal stakeholders include normal employees and managers of a business. In Tesco, the shareholders, the customers and other groups or individuals are involved in the business. These people are called connected stakeholders. All these are very important to Tesco. 1.  Employees: All the employees are important stakeholder to Tesco. The reason for this, that employees are closely involved with organisation. They have a strong influence on the business and the way that the business runs. The expectations that the employees have on Tesco are: A clean and safe working environment Job security Competitive pay rates and benefits such as discounts on Tesco products Interesting and rewarding work Opportunities for promotion and career structure Bonuses 2. Managers: All mangers as well as the directors of the company are stakeholders. In Tesco the manager has a major say on how the business should be run. The expectations that the manager has on Tesco are: developing a local or national reputation as a successful manger working the business to make it bigger than it is now For example at Tescos, those with a high achievement need such as Duty managers or departmental managers tend to seek situations where they have personal responsibility for solving problems, managing projects or for overall performance. 3. Shareholders: This group of stakeholders are interested in the financial part of the Tesco. The expectations that the shareholders has on Tesco are: Shareholders of Tesco want to receive a large and increasing proportion if the companys profits They also hope the companys share price will rise 4. Customers: Tesco are mainly focused on customers. This means that Tesco has to fill the expectations of their customers. These include: Good quality products delivered on time Fair prices After sales service and support, especially for high- technology products. This shows how Tesco are influenced by their customers- Tesco, the UKs largest retailer, buys enormous amounts of products from suppliers and so has great influence. 5. Suppliers: They are expecting to be paid on time and receive regular orders from their customers. Tescos suppliers are interested in any development that might affect the number and size of the orders. Tesco buys its own brand products from suppliers. All products are supplied to Tesco in a finished state. 6. Bankers: Banks and other financial organisations lend money to Tesco and will be concerned that their money is saved. They want Tesco to run successfully and to earn profits. External stakeholders: External stakeholders include individuals or organisations that have interest in the business but do not do anything and have no relationship with that business. 1. Government agencies: The government has lots of reasons to be interested in Tesco: The Inland Revenue collects income tax and corporation tax for Tesco. It is interested in the financial affairs of Tesco Customs and Excise collects Tescos taxes. It collects value added tax (VAT) 2. Pressure groups: These organisations are groups of people who combine to promote a particular view or cause. Pressure groups attempt to influence Tesco by: Campaigning Taking direct action against some firms. Tesco responds to pressure group because they want to have a good public image. 3. Local communities and society: Businesses are an important part of the society. Local communities expect Tesco to: provide stable employment for the community Avoid causing environmentally pollution, noise or other problems that might offend the community. Question-2 Models to involve stakeholders: In recent years, two useful models -a) the Power/Interest Matrix (Mendelow cited in Johnson and Scholes, 2002:208) and b) Power/Urgency/Legitimacy Model (Mitchell, et al., 1997) have become popular. Brief Introduction of these Two Models: To assist the analysis, the introduction of the two models is briefly explained in this section. a) The Power/Interest Matrix (shown as Figure 1) implies the political priorities for managing stakeholder relationships by assessing the level of interest and power for each stakeholder (Johnson and Scholes, 2002: 208). High Low High Low PowerE:managing environmentStakeholder Management Publications Management Portal.filesimage004.gif C D A B Level of Interest A Figure 1 Stakeholder Mapping: the Power/Interest Matrix Source: Johnson and Scholes, 2002 Adapted from A. Mendelow, Preceedings of the Second International Conference on Information Systems, Cambridge, MA, 1991. Source: It can be seen from Figure 1; the stakeholders in Segment D have the most important role among other stakeholders in the success of the strategy. Due to their high power, organisations should give adequate emphasis on the stakeholders in Segment C and attempt to meet their expectations. As for stakeholders in Segment B, organisations need to provide enough information to satisfy their high interest in the strategies or issues. Under some circumstances, some stakeholders (Segment A) neither have power nor interest, so it is unnecessary to invest too much in this group. b) The Power/Urgency/Legitimacy Model, illustrated as Figure 2, divides stakeholders into seven types and uses them to reflect a different degree of stakeholders salience which is related to the three basic attributes power, legitimacy and urgency perceived by organisational managers (Mitchell, et al., 1997). Legitimacy Power Dormant Discretionary Definitive Dominant Dependent Dangerous Demanding Urgency Figure 2 Power/Urgency/Legitimacy Model Source: Based on Mitchell, Agle and Wood 1997 Mitchell, et al (1997) made detailed explanations for the three attributes. Power means the possibility for a stakeholder to influence the outcome, originating from coercive, legitimate, expert, referent and reward. Urgency indicates time sensitivity and criticality of the situation. Regarding Legitimacy, it refers to the desire of stakeholders to judge the properness of the issue, based on norms, values and beliefs. Both two models are helpful to managers in pursuing success in stakeholder management. However, it is important to realise the limitations that each model might have in order for effective utilization of them. Question-3 Stakeholder mapping in Power/interest matrix model: Stakeholder mapping identifies stakeholder expectations and power and helps in establishing political priorities (Johnson, G Scholes, K. 1999: 215). This mapping can be carried out by means of Power/Interest Matrix (Johnson, G Scholes, K. 1999: 215), which classifies stakeholders in relation to the power they hold and the degree of interest they show to the organisation (Refer to Figure 4). Low A Minimal Effort B Keep Informed High C Keep Satisfied D Key Players Power Level of Interest Low High Figure 4-Stakeholder mapping: Power/Interest Matrix (Johnson, G Scholes, K.) Apply Power/Interest Matrix to Tescos Stakeholders: Considering the comments of Power/Interest Matrix for each group, we can ignore Segment A because it only has minimal effort on Tesco. As to Segment C and D, they are all key stakeholders and their expectations should be satisfied continuously. While for Segment B, it has high interest in Tesco and should be properly addressed through informing information to it. Indeed, stakeholders of Segment D (Owners, Top Managers, and etc) have the expectations of good payback and dividends which require Tesco maintains its profit generation in its strength business Traditional Imaging. On the other hand, these stakeholders also seek for capital growth in somewhat more potential business such as Digital Imaging. Stakeholders of Segment C (Customers) always expect better value for money, and they also enjoy the alternatives and value-added products Tesco provided, which ask Tesco to integrate Traditional Imaging with Digital Imaging to generate more innovation. Conclusion: Generally, the expectations of stakeholders of Tesco are diversely and variously. It is clearly that we should find out the key stakeholders and balance their expectations. Here, Owners, Top Managers, Creditors and Customers are identified as key stakeholders of Tesco and in particular their expectations are assessed separately. Obviously, Power/Interest Matrix points out the type of relationship which the organisation need to establish with every stakeholders group. Thus it is helpful in assessing the political ease or difficulty of particular strategic as well as in planning the political dimension of strategic changes Task-3 Question-1: Models for change: There are various models of change are established over the period of time. Every organization can develop adapt any of those models in change process according to the individual circumstances. Two important models of change which can be used during change management are as follows: Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) Total Quality Management (TQM) I have shortlisted two organizations for the said topic in order to expedite a brief report about adaptation of different models of change as and when required by them. The first organization was Tesco, London, UK. I worked as Manager Administration with this company for two years. When I joined the organization, it was in a recession phase due to certain circumstances. In those situations, management of the company including me decided to develop adapt the Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) model of change.   1. Business Process Re-engineering (BPR):-    BPR has four basic key components: Business Processes, Management Measurements, Jobs Structures, and Values Beliefs. BPR is considered to be a much more top-down managed form of change. BPR is best defined as: The fundamental rethinking radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance.   For clarity, it is appropriate also to define what BPR is not. BPR is not automation, restructuring or reorganisation, or delivering although these may be consequences of a BPR exercise. It is also helpful to consider why Tesco contemplated BPR given its radical nature. There were three probable reasons: The business was failing there was no option but to invoke radical change. Business difficulties were foreseen pre-emptive measures were deemed necessary to avoid business failure. The organization, rather than resting on its laurels wished to build on its success invoked radical change to widen its lead over the competition. 2. Total Quality (TQ):- This model of change was developed adapted by the organization operating by the name of Integrated Business Services (IBS), London, UK. In said company I was worked as Manager Sales Marketing. The company is the top rated production manufacturer house of various technical products including aerospace materials. TQ change model was used by the company in January 2004. The Brief description of the model is as follows: TQ comprises change invoked through four key components: Systems, Processes, People Management. TQ is best defined as meeting customer requirements in a context in which every individual in the organization is a customer of the process preceding their own, a supplier to the process succeeding their own. Thus customers are internal to the organization as well as external. Additionally TQ is a competitive concept because it is concerned with being the best, where best is defined by the market place rather than by the product or service provider the best companies will achieve the level of superiority that is usually high. Customer focus is the essence of TQ. Question-2: Necessary steps for planning the implementation process of the Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) model:- The Four Cornices of BPR Considered by Tesco plc-   1.  Business Processes: The essence of BPR for Tesco plc lied in the adaption of a process orientation. The characteristics of such an orientation were: Multidimensional:  Cross-functional working in organization required combining many tasks into one job or process, in so doing, eliminated hand-offs, reduced administrative overheads associated with controlling the previous fragmented steps provided a single point of contact for process-related queries. Continuous Improvement: BPR recognized continuous improvement in the form of process maintenance continual re-examination redesign of processes which, with time, once more became fragmented. 2.   Management Measurements:- The achievement of a process orientation demanded: Process Mapping:  Existing processes were process-mapped to establish what currently happens why, that was, to develop an understanding of current process. Benchmarking: World-wide cross-industry process comparisons were then be used to establish best practice provided a possible basis for process re-design. 3. Jobs and Structures:- The results of BPR in this regard were typically the following: Flat Structure:  Flat structure was adapted, a process rather than functional orientation, which together with process-teams performed managerial functions, reduced bureaucracy the requirement for complex, multi layer managerial hierarchies. Job Specification:  Job descriptions became comprehensive included details of required level of key competencies such that increased objectivity accuracy could be applied to selection appointment processes. 4. Values Beliefs:- Creating sustaining a process orientation in the Tesco plc demanded: Living the Values:  Senior management lead by example in Tesco plc in this regard. For example: by demonstrating the notion of being customer-facing by spen

Creon Antigone by Sophocles Essay

In Antigone, written by Sophocles, Creon dominates the play with his powerful yet arrogant personality. Even though Antigone is the name of this play, Creon, the ruling king of Thebes with a no turning back attitude, proves to be the main character. Creon rules over everyone but that does not stop the intelligent Antigone from protecting her brothers dead body. She gets caught in this illegal act by the very dynamic character of Creon. There are endless personality traits to describe Creon, but certain traits that pop out are his strength/power and his stubbornness. Who is the man here, she or I if this crime goes unpunished?(Scene 2, lines 82,83). This quote is a simple example of how stubborn a king with that much pride can act toward his own family. We then learn that no matter how wrong he is in his decisions, he still sticks with what he believes to be the right punishment to Antigone. The other proving quote in Scene 3 (line 26) is when Creon states, Do you want me to show myself before the people? Or to break my sworn word? No, and I will not. Creon slowly starts to realize the right thing to do in his situation but something inside of him prevents him from saving Antigone. It could quite possibly be him knowing his own strength and power compared to everyone else. His strength plays a key role in the problems that occurred. Antigone sees right through this personality trait of his. Creon is not strong enough to stand in my way.(Prologue, line 35) Also,in Scene 1 line 118 Creon says,Theres nothing in this world that is more demoralizing than money. Creon really means it when he says this. He thinks that everything in the world has a price. His strength can be translated as a waste cause he doesnt use his powers for the better of the city of Thebes. His power completely forces him to believe that no one is above him. That is where the conflict began for Antigone and Polyneices. There was not much motivation for his actions besides his pride, which is apparently the cause of all their troubles. If Creon would have realized early on that the right thing to do is more important then power and pride, Antigone would not have of been dead. In Scene 2, (line 75,76) Choragus is right on when he says, Like father, like daughter both headstrong, deaf to  reason. Creon believes that his word over all should be the final say. But when Antigone, a female at that, defies him, he flips out and sentences her to rot in a prison cell. In his mind, he was rational with the choices he made. When it comes down to it, Creon was just trying to represent the position of the king. Unfortunately, his greed overcame his responsibility of the throne. His power against everyone else in Thebes proved to be significant when he sentenced Antigone. After the events that happened, he was still so stubborn to turn back. At the very end of this play, Creon finally realized his wrong doings and he said, I was the fool, not you. And you died for me.(Scene 5, line 92) Both his stubbornness and his power broke down and we saw the real Creon. Characters like this in Greek literature are important because the form the plot, the conflict, and the resolution. Without the Creons in plays, there would not be any tragedy or any thing to resolve at the end.

Measurement and Nominal B. Ordinal

Quantitative Analysis for Business Final E Progress: (0/30) 1) The main purpose of descriptive statistics is to A. summarize data in a useful and informative manner B. make inferences about a population C. determine if the data adequately represents the population D. gather or collect data 2) The general process of gathering, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting data is called A. statistics B. descriptive statistics C. inferential statistics D. levels of measurement 3) The performance of personal and business investments is measured as a percentage, return on investment. What type of variable is return on investment?A. Qualitative B. Continuous C. Attribute D. Discrete 4) What type of variable is the number of robberies reported in your city? A. Attribute B. Continuous C. Discrete D. Qualitative 5) What level of measurement is the number of auto accidents reported in a given month? A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio 6) The names of the positions in a corporati on, such as chief operating officer or controller, are examples of what level of measurement? A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio 7) Shoe sizes, such as 7B, 10D, and 12EEE, are examples of what level of measurement? A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio ) Monthly commissions of first-year insurance brokers are $1,270, $1,310, $1,680, $1,380, $1,410, $1,570, $1,180, and $1,420. These figures are referred to as A. a histogram B. raw data C. frequency distribution D. frequency polygon 9) A small sample of computer operators shows monthly incomes of $1,950, $1,775, $2,060, $1,840, $1,795, $1,890, $1,925, and $1,810. What are these ungrouped numbers called? A. Histogram B. Class limits C. Class frequencies D. Raw data 10) The sum of the deviations of each data value from this measure of central location will always be 0. A. Mode B. Mean C. Median D. Standard deviation

Computer Fraud Essay - 1185 Words

Computer Fraud As much as $40 billion are lost every year due to flourishing computer crimes. In 1993 alone, Internet, the world wide system of computer networks, was swindled out of approximately $2 billion, and about $50 million were stolen from various companies such as GTE Corp., ATT, Bell Atlantic and MCI ( Meyer and Underwood 45). Ironically these same organizations have been collaborating with software manufacturers for an expanded software production ( Cook 53 ). Multinational corporations and international authorities are threatened by these innumerable white collar crimes since such crimes are most difficult to prevent, and/or detect and highly profitable to the offenders ( Stern and Stern 525 ). This ever growing menace to†¦show more content†¦In 1994 only, companies estimated to have lost $8 billion due to piracy ( Hall and Vancura 108 ). Figure 1 How to prosecute offenders? Furthermore, Internet Frauds are very difficult to prevent because a long time is required for most of t hem to be discovered. For instance, law enforcers need not only at least equal scientific and technical ability as the offenders, but also precious time and energy to examine company books and accounts to unravel such crimes ( Croal 14 ). It is also felt that prosecution is often incorrect and counter productive (Southerland 85). When the crimes are uncovered, the laws are too vague and too limited for proper prosecution ( Stern Stern 528 ). The complexity of Internet fraud makes it very difficult for legislators to estimate the extent to such offenses, thus leaving many loopholes to be exploited by alert offenders. Moreover, Internet offenses and offenders do appear to enjoy structural advantages, and the outcome of the policies pursued by law enforcers is that many avoid public prosecution and punishment ( Croal 91). 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Do Animals Have Rights...a Philosophical View - 4001 Words

Do Animals Have Rights? Should animals be harmed to benefit mankind? This pressing question has been around for at least the past two centuries. During the early nineteenth century, animal experiments emerged as an important method of science and, in fact, marked the birth of experimental physiology and neuroscience as we currently know it. There were, however, guidelines that existed even back then which restricted the conditions of experimentation. These early rules protected the animals, in the sense that all procedures performed were done so with as little pain as possible and solely to investigate new truths. Adopting the animals perspectives, they would probably not agree that these types of regulations were much†¦show more content†¦There are many viewpoints concerning this issue that need to be dealt with in order to fully grasp the mindset of those so deeply involved in the struggle to determine what, if any, rights that animals possess. Tom Regan, a professor of philosophy at North Carolina State University and one of the leading proponents of this theory, claims that animals have rights Ââ€" the right to be treated in a certain way. Regan claims that animals have preferences, goals, and most importantly, mental states that enter into the explanation of their behavior. In his words, animals are subjects of a life just like humans and each subject of life contains inherent value. What Regan means by this is that by performing experiments on animals, you are reducing them to mere tools and violating their basic rights. He justifies his theory by using an example containing the retarded and insane. He says that if these types of persons are allowed moral rights, despite their inability to think rationally, then all mammals should have moral rights. Also, he states that discriminating on the basis of species is really fundamentally just the same moral mistake as discrimination on the basis of race or sex. 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The main role of an advertising agency - 1761 Words

The main role of an advertising agency is to promote and advertise any businesses products or services on offer for a company or an organisation. The advertising agency would be paid for their services by the company they are advertising for. The reason why businesses might advertise there products through an advertising agency is because it can save them a lot of time which may be needed to concentrate on other business ideas. Advertising is a wider range of communication used as a form of promotion; which is delivered through various media outlets such as television, radio, internet etc. All major businesses have advertisements which they put out to the public in order for them to be informed about their products and services, the†¦show more content†¦Media planning – This is generally referred to the media department of the business, which will work to find out which forms of media would be best to advertise a certain business’ new and upcoming product or se rvice. Nike would leave it to Wieden+Kennedy (WK) to choose the correct media platform for them to reach their desired target audience as well as saving money and time. There are various factors which the advertising agency has to take into consideration when doing its media planning such as; how many of the audience can I reach through different media? On which media should I place the ads? Which frequency should I select? How much money should be spent in each medium? With Nike it would seem ideal for them to advertise their new apparel and footwear amongst areas where the younger generation is more frequent for example social websites and on school buses and where athletes are based such as near stadiums and by any gyms. Production – It is fair to say that the production team is the ones that put the advertisement campaign out there for all of us, the public, to see. 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Strategy Development Providing the Desired Profits

Question: Describe about the Strategy Development for Providing the Desired Profits. Answer: Introduction Strategies play the most vital in providing the desired profits to a particular enterprise. The AAA framework is considered as the general broad overview or the skeleton of a company, which is supported by the guidelines to achieve a specific objective and acts as a guide, which can be modified as per the demand of the time by either adding or deleting the requirements. It acts as a support system that helps the business to expand itself into something demandable (Ahmed, Nawaz, Ali, Islam, 2015). The companies generally set up and follow these triple AAA strategies in order to acquire a position in the market and make a profit for the sections and be sustainable in this competitive market. The AAA framework helps a business to keep the organization in rhythm and get the best out of it. The company following the AAA strategies will make sure to run itself long in the prevalent competitive market. Adaptation strategies Adaptation strategies are needed to generate market revenue by taking up some important components within a business framework for a company so that it can be used by various companies and suffice local requirements and preferences. This is one of the most widely used strategies in the group. In order to penetrate a new market segment, a company follows practices and measures which are favored by the local people (Bleavins, 2010). This helps the business to get easily accepted by the customers. Adaptation is generally done by creating global value change in company's offer to accomplish the local requirements and is most widely used as a global strategy. Adaptation is generally divided into 5 segments: Variation: It is the changing of services and products and makes adjustments to various policies, expectation for success and business positioning. Focus: It generally keeps a look on a particular product, vertical phases of the value chain, geographies and also on the market segment as a method to reduce the impact of variation in various regions. Externalization: It is usually the transfer through strategic alliances, user adaptation, networking, and franchising. Design: This section is followed in order to be more flexible and easily overcome the supply difference. Innovation: This feature is added to increase the effectiveness of adaptation efforts. Aggregation strategies The aggregation strategy seeks on achieving the economics based on scope and scale, by creating global efficiencies. This factor involves standardization of various parts and its value involved for the proposition and it leads to the assemblage of development and production process (Choudhry, 2010). In order to create a substantial advantage of cost centralizing the purchase of various raw materials and the end to end production of materials etc, where the cost incurred in labor is less in few places, and also some globalized organizations aggregation strategies instead of adaptation. The avenue does not depend on geographic aggregation for the future generation, of economies based on scope or scale. The main objective of the company is to exploit the similar factors that affect the market section of the society. The various known geographic parameters include, C- Cultural; A-administrative; G-Geographic; E-Economic, are also considered as important factors (Fabozzi Markowitz, 2011) . There are factors like corporate diplomacy which can easily be approached through ignoring the presence of homogenization and being very probable to any flashback. Such strategies applied in a business makes the business earn a profit and also sustainable in the competitive market (Hall, 2014). Arbitrage strategies This strategy does not include bridging the various markets nor taking up the features of the local demand. Besides, these factors inculcate the strategies of creating value globally, by splitting the markets within, generally making a profit by the margin with the difference in various supply chain's sections in various places (Hall, 2014). A person willing to make the profit can buy things at the cheap rate and sell it at a high price in some other place. Bargaining power is considered to be the added advantage in few of the cases. At times, a definite place is famous for some concepts, products and other basic entities (Harrison, 2011). The fact about the bargaining of products could be leveraged, and particular product and place can be used to make proper revenue, by establishing the market where the product demand remains high (Holloman Adeyeri, 2012). Thus, this factor also takes into consideration about the CAGE strategies into consideration. Explanation of AAA framework in different industries Food / Beverage industry ICT industry Adaptation McDonald corporation Pizza hut Telstra corporation Optus Aggregation Arbitrage Food industry McDonalds Corporation McDonald Corporation is solitary of the top most fast food outlets with its branches all over the globe. The company has its headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois, US and was developed in the year 1954. Big organizations take up factors that would make them a brand in the society and could spread it worldwide. Various companies need various factors to take up into practice so that they can satisfy their customers (International development policy, 2011). In the same manner, McDonalds has taken up the new recipe for the company, suiting the needs of various customers in various countries. This helps the company to survey the market and fulfill the demands. This makes the organization customer friendly and stays long in the competitive market. With the method of adaptation, a company can adapt itself to the different environment and satisfy the needs of the targeted audience. The other factor is the aggregation plans which stressing on reaching the target which is based on scope and sca le, by creating global proficient factors (Jones Silverstein, 2009). This factor involves standardization of various parts and its value involved for the proposition and it leads to the assemblage of development and production process. By following the aggregation strategy, the business can develop itself by keeping a check on the cost of the production and the raw materials used for the organization. Last but not the least arbitrage is a factor that not only targets the local market but surveys the value of the product globally and produces foods that are choice able to all the customers around. Pizza hut Pizza hut is a fast food cuisine with products like pasta and pizza as well as desserts .Its one of the fastest growing fast food chain in pizza and pasta. Every company takes up the following strategies that make them spread worldwide and gather customers as required. If the company takes up the adaptation strategy for itself, it will help the company to take up choices from the society and gather knowledge about their liking a produce food that is liked by the customers within affordable prices. It takes the company to make a survey of the local people and change and adapt to their needs. The aggregation policy plans on targeting the economics that is depended on scope and scale, by developing proper global efficacies. This aggregation strategy involves consistency of a variety of parts and its worth concerned for proposal and it leads to the grouping of expansion and invention process. The avenue earned by the company does not rely on geographic aggregation for the future generation, of economies based on scope or scale. Pizza hut is a well-known company all over the world (Kahn, Kay, Slotegraaf, Uban, 2013). If the Company follows the arbitrage strategy to promote itself, then it will not only modify the outlook of its targeted customers but a lso attract more customers towards the company. ICT Industry Telstra Corporation Telstra is one of the largest media and Telecommunication Company in Australia. The company is involved in operating and building telecommunication network, irrespective of marketing voice, data, mobile, pay television service and other entertainment related products (Telstra, 2016). The company continuously undergoes changes and is flexible to variations. By adopting the adaptation strategy in its workflow, a company can make the organization stay in business for long. As adapting the various changing situation would help the company to satisfy the need of the current market and the present generation and satisfy the customers and even the employees in the workstation without falling out of generation (Morrissey, 2010). The company was started as a postmasters general department and has shifted itself to a privatized company. This feature takes into consideration of regularity of a variety of sections and its value occupied for a scheme and it leads to the assembling of advancement and manufacture process. When a company needs to develop substantial advantage of price centralizing, then the purchase of a range of raw equipment and the completion of materials cost is taken into consideration, where the price incurred in work is not much in places where the work is done. Apart from all these factor arbitrage is the most important factor that takes the following into consideration (Office, 2009). The factor includes the strategies of developing value internationally, by dividing the markets within itself, normally building a revenue by the edge with the disparity in an assortment of supply chains sections in a variety of places. The company can buy its raw materials or needed products from markets which provide them at a nominal price and build the product into a service and provide to its customers who are in need of it and satisfy their wants accordingly. Adopting these strategies will make an organization grow in the market and stay for a long and become an im portant part in the lives of human beings. Optus Optus is considered as the second largest Telecommunication company in Australia and has a brand spanking and especially deals with virgin mobile on the factors depending on mobile telephony. The company has its own network infrastructure and provides service through its own domain (Okumus, Altinay, Chathoth, 2010). The company provides both retail and wholesale services to the community. Therefore the company depends on the AAA framework for more modification and promotion of the company. Adaptation strategies are desirable to produce market income by captivating some significant workings within a commerce framework for a corporation so that it can be used by a range of organizations and be sufficient for local necessities and preferences. This strategy is considered as one of the majorities among the strategies that are used in the group ("Special Issue of Strategic Organization: "Strategic Management Theory and Universities", 2015). Adaptation strategy will not only make the company familiar to its customers but also give a new place in the market segment apart from the other. If a corporation expects to break in a new market segment, a company follows practices and measures which are favored by the local people. The aggregation strategy stressing on completing the economics based on scope and scale, by developing global solutions for the customers. This factor includes standardization of various parts and its value involved for a proposition and it leads to the ass emblage of development and production process ("Stroke: latest treatment options in acute management", 2015). The aggregation strategy gives a notice on the economics part of the company where one can earn lot more through proper execution and look over the companys overview work. The company needs to follow the strategies so that it can develop more customers for it as it will make the business grow drastically and earn a profit for the company. Even the strategy makes the business worth for the employees as they can work under peace and deliver the best output. Adopting the AAA framework will help a company to move long and with proper quality and fame in the market. Conclusion An organization needs to follow the stated strategies that will help the company to win the market and stay for long and work sustainably. The AAA framework will not only design the framework for the company but also following the modes will help one to gather customers for a longer period a target the whole society irrespective of any sections. Following the AAA framework will help the company to enlarge itself and even the working environment will be healthy where everyone can work in peace and deliver the best out of it. References Ahmed, I., Nawaz, M., Ali, G., Islam, T. (2015). Perceived organizational support and its outcomes.Management Research Review,38(6), 627-639. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-09-2013-0220 Blevins, M. (2010).Biomarkers in drug development. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Choudhry, M. (2010).Capital market instruments. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Fabozzi, F. Markowitz, H. (2011).The theory and practice of investment management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Hall, M. (2014). Disingenuous: The Latest Legal Challenges to Insurance Market Reforms.Hastings Center Report,44(5), 6-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.349 Harrison, D. (2011). How the latest mental health strategy can guide practice.Nurs Residential Care,13(7), 341-344. https://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2011.13.7.341 Holloman, C. Adeyeri, E. (2012).The social media MBA. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley. International development policy. (2011). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. Jones, S. Silverstein, B. (2009).Business-to-business internet marketing. Gulf Breeze, FL: Maximum Press. Kahn, K., Kay, S., Slotegraaf, R., Uban, S. (2013).The PDMA handbook of new product development. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Morrissey, L. (2010). Latest literature on new economies, social economies.Development,53(3), 433-435. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/dev.2010.49 Office, I. (2009).Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM). Geneva: International Labour Office. Okumus, F., Altinay, L., Chathoth, P. (2010).Strategic management for hospitality and tourism. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Special Issue of Strategic Organization: "Strategic Management Theory and Universities". (2015).Strategic Organization,13(4), 365-367. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476127015616707 Stroke: latest treatment options in acute management. (2015).The Pharmaceutical Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.1211/pj.2015.20068513 Telstra, T. (2016). Retrieved 10 September 2016, from https://www.telstra.com.au/