How Graduate School Is Different From College

The first days of graduate school go by in a blur for most new students. Even if you attend the same university as you did as an undergraduate, the graduate school experience is very different from being an undergrad. Is grad school harder than college? Definitely. Coursework Is Just the Beginning Classes are a big part of masters programs and the first couple of years of doctoral programs. But grad school entails more than completing a series of classes. You will take courses during the first couple of years of your Ph.D. program, but your later years will emphasize research (and you probably wont take any courses during those later years). The purpose of grad school is to develop a professional understanding of your discipline through independent reading and study. The Apprenticeship Model Most of what you learn in grad school will not come from classes, but from other activities such as  conducting research and attending conferences. Youll choose  and work closely with a faculty member on his or her research. As an apprentice of sorts, youll learn how to define research problems, design and carry out research projects to test your hypotheses and disseminate your results. The end goal is to become an independent scholar and devise your own research program.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Graduate School Is a Job Approach grad school as a full-time job; its not school in the undergraduate sense. If you soared through college with little studying, youre in for a big culture shock as a grad student  The reading lists will be longer and more extensive than youve encountered in college. More importantly, youll be expected to read and be prepared to critically evaluate and discuss it all. Most grad programs require that you take initiative for your learning and demonstrate a commitment to your career.   Graduate School Is a Socializing Agent Why is graduate school so different from undergrad? Graduate training teaches you the information and skills that you need to be a professional. However, being a professional requires more than coursework and experiences. In graduate school, you will be socialized into your profession. In other words, you will learn the norms and values of your field. Relationships with faculty members  and other students are important to your career, and youll make them in grad school. Most importantly, you will learn to think like a professional in your field. Graduate school shapes the mind and leads students to think in new ways. You will learn to think like a professional in your field, whether a scientist, historian, educator, philosopher or practitioner. It truly prepares you to immerse yourself in a specific field — especially if you choose to become an academic professional in the long run.

Research Report Analysis And Critique - 1465 Words

Name: Jennifer Kressel Points: _____/15 Research Report Analysis and Critique ATTACH A COPY OF THE ARTICLE TO THIS FORM. Author: Mollie Galloway, Jerusha Conner, and Denise Pope Title: Nonacademic Effects of Homework in Privileged, High-Performing High Schools Source: The Journal of Experimental Education Galloway, M., Conner, J., Pope, D. (2013). Nonacademic effects of homework in privileged, high-performing high schools. The Journal of Experimental Education, 81(4), 490-510. doi:10.1080/00220973.2012.745469 Researcher(s): ____ Classroom teacher(s) __x__ University-based researcher(s) ____ Other: ____________________________________ Data†¦show more content†¦491) ____ Stated, but not as a question (p. ____) ____ Implied _____/2 Pts. Participants and Setting: Who were the participants? What was the setting? Why were they chosen? The study was based on surveying a sample of 4,713 students at 10 high schools in the San Francisco Bay area. The subjects came from high-performing high schools in upper middle class communities. †¢ four public †¢ six private According to Galloway, Conner, and Pope (2013), â€Å"All of the schools in [the] study were college preparatory schools in advantaged, upper middle class communities and had elected to participate in the study as part of the larger research and intervention project† (495). _____ /3 Pts. Data Collection: What data were collected? Comment on the â€Å"trustworthiness† of the data (e.g., Do the participants talk as â€Å"real† second-graders do?) and the â€Å"doability† of data collection (e.g., How difficult would it be for you to collect this data?). The student survey included Likert-type and open-ended questions. Likert-type questions assessed students’ self-reported homework load and perceptions of homework load, well-being (stress over schoolwork, performance anxiety, physical health, sleep behavior, and time for outside activities), behavioral engagement, and enjoyment of schoolwork.The open-ended questions were posed in the middle of the survey, The Data Collected: Nightly homework hours (by Grade and Gender) †¢ On average, students reported spending 3.11 hr. per

Electronics Free Essays

string(37) " mode 555 timer acts as a flip-flop\." Introduction In this assignment I would try my level best to fulfill all the condition of the given tasks. I would concern figure of things while attempting the assignment. Firstly, the referencing and the bibliography should be updated timely because it will help me keep in mind where I have got the materials from. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly I would try to complete my assignment under the chosen time limit which is very vital. Thirdly all the given tasks should be completed with appropriate information and try to stay within the word count. Lastly, I would try to present my work with clarity and rationality so my hard work should be understood in best possible manner TASK 1: THE 555 TIMER IC. 1a) Before 555 timer came to the market there were large distinct circuits used to carry out the operation of a timer but the compatibility and numerous other advantages of a 555 timer lead the breakthrough .The 555 timer is an integrated circuit designed by Hans R. Camenzind and commercialized by that times leading semiconductors manufacturer signetics. It’s mainly used in variety for timing purposes, producing perfect timing periods through a vast range of time and as a multi vibrator and due to the versatility of the IC it has made conspicuous place in the history of electronics. Never thought by its maker to be so flexible the 555 package consists of numerous transistors, diodes and resistors (depending on the purposes) imbedded on a silicon chip and connected to an 8-pin dual in line package. (D C Green, Electronics 4, third edition, 1995, Longman Scientific and technical) The single 555 timer chip in its basic form is a 8 pin chip consisting of 20 transistors, 2 diodes, 15 resistors. (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/waveforms/555_timer.html )feb 10, 2011 Above shown fig shows 8 pins which are labeled to show there function. Below is the more detailed function of these pins. Pin no. 1: It is connected to GROUND which connects the 555 timer to the negative 0v supply rail. Pin no. 2: It is the trigger pin. A negative pulse on this pin â€Å"sets† internal flip-flop and start up a timing cycle. Pin no. 3: is an output pin of the 555 timer, it can be connected directly to the inputs of other digital IC’S with the required voltage. Pin no. 4: is the RESET pin which is used to reset the internal flip-flop controlling the output. In other words to terminate the timing cycle. Pin no. 5: is a control voltage pin which can be used to alter the timing aspect of the 555 IC in applications such as frequency modulation. Pin no. 6: is the threshold pin which donates the duration of the timer to ‘output voltage in each of the on/off cycle’ this time phase end when voltage at threshold becomes higher than control voltage pin. Pin no. 7: is a discharge pin which is connected directly to the internal transistor which is used to discharge the timing capacitor to ground. Pin no. 8: is connected to the power supply and the range of voltage depends on the appliance need. MODES: After discussing above the different functions of 555 timers, let’s now discuss about its modes, its usage in different modes. 555 timers IC’s can be used as a multivibrator in three different forms they are as follow: Astable mode Monostable mode Bistable mode ASTABLE MODE: Astable means without a stable state. It has two unstable state means 0 and 1, in other words it continually switch it states to high and low creating a rectangular wave form on its output. There are numerous advantages of this circuit few of them in which it is used are flash lights, LED’S, and security alarm. FIG 2 (http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/flashlcd.gif FEB 10, 2011) FIG 3 (http://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Electronics_AS/Electronics_Module_1/topic_11/topic_11__555_timer_circuit.htm FEB 10, 2011) For the waveform above we can see how it changed from 0 to 1. For this circuit to become operational we need to consider some of the formulas ‘’The mark time [t(H] is the time at which the output is a 1. t(H)= 0.7(RA + RB)C The space time [t (L)] is the time at which the output is a 0. t(L) = 0.7 RBC The mark to space ratio = mark time ? space time. The astable period T is the time taken for one complete cycle, the mark and the space times added together. T = mark + space = t(L) + t(H). The frequency = 1 ? period. f = ____1.4_____ (R1 + 2R2)C The time t (H) will be longer than t (L), unless R1 is very small compared to R2. If this is the case, then t (H) will be approximately equal to t (L), but not quite equal. We can say to a first approximation that the mark to space ratio is 1. This will result in a square wave output’’ ( http://www.antonine-education.co.uk/Electronics_AS/Electronics_Module_ 1/topic_11/topic_11__555_timer_circuit.htm FEB 10, 2011 MONOSTABLE MODE: Monostable means circuit which has only one stable state, normally it has two states means stable and unstable. When the voltage is not applied it remains in stable state but as the â€Å"trigger† is pressed it creates electric pulse and switches from stable state to unstable state and remains there for a limited time period which is set and after that it comes back to stable state. This type of circuit is ideal for â€Å"push to operate† system for a model displayed at exhibitions. A visitor push the button to start mechanism of choice and it automatically switch off after a set time. FIG 4 (http://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Electronics_AS/Electronics_Module_1/topic_11/topic_11__555_timer_circuit.htmFEB 11, 2011) The above diagram shows the circuit of monostable 555 timer. This circuit operates when the switch is closed and released, the voltage at Pin 2 goes up to down and then up. Due to this Pin 7 is discharged from zero and the voltage increases at output. When the voltage across the capacitor (C) gets two third then the output stop and it comes to stable state. The output of this circuit is shown in the FIG below. FIG 5 (http://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Electronics_AS/Electronics_Module_1/topic_11/topic_11__555_timer_circuit.htm FEB 11, 2011) BISTABLE MODE: Bistable has two stable states, in this mode 555 timer acts as a flip-flop. You read "Electronics" in category "Essay examples" In this the trigger (which is Pin 2) and reset (which is Pin 4) both are at high state because of the resistors, while the threshold (which is Pin 6) is simply grounded. By taking the trigger LOW it switches to SET position and the output state changes to HIGH and by taking the RESET Pin LOW it switches to reset position and the output will remain LOW. TASK 1(B): A 555 timer is basically used in our daily life as a day/light alarm which can be useful for waking us up from our sleep. Fig 6 http://www.free-circuits.com/diagrams/n/14qwe.gif (March 20, 2011) The components which are used in the above diagram are as follows: 1 Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) 1 transistor 2 set of capacitors both value of 0.01 ?F 1 555 timer 1 diode 15v/1 µF 3 set of resistor range of 10k, 56k and 3.3 k respectively 1 100k variable resistor 1 speaker 8ohm, 0.5W OPERATION: This above circuit exclusively depends on the light for it to function. A 555 timer is used above and it works on a principle of astable mode with frequency of 1Khz. The transistor is set high because of the changeable resistor when light doesn’t fall on the LDR therefore causing the 555’s reset pin low. Just because of this the timer is reset. It resistance decrease when the light falls on LDR which in turn causes a decrease in base resistance of the transistor alloying current to flow. This will cause the reset pin on the 555 timer to increase and allows the timer to ‘oscillate’ and the speaker starts working by creating sound. TASK 2: INTRODUCTION OF FET TRANSISTOR: The field effect transistor is a semiconductor device; it depends on its operation to control current by an electric field. FET’s are available in two basic forms and they are: Junction gate field effect transistor (JFET) Insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET) But the most commonly used transistor is Metal-Oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). It is commonly used because it can be connected as resistor and capacitor, it is cheaper than Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) , it is much smaller in size and there power consumption is much smaller. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF FET Metal-Oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is a type of semiconductor which uses three connections which are GATE, SOURCE and DRAIN. The effective width of the channel is controlled by a charge which is placed on gate electrode. The shape of a transistor is like a bar with P-type silicon and two strips which are doped to make N-type material when the metal is deposited to make two terminals DRAIN and SOURCE, then the surface is covered with silicon-oxide which is non-conductor. Then again metal is deposited to form one more terminal called gate which is shown in fig 1. http://www.interfacebus.com/JFET-N-Channel-symbol.png (March 20, 2011) After it is completed then the potential of (0V) is applied between the source and drain because of P-N junction there is no current flowing. The P-type material which is source terminal is at 0V, and the gate is already made positive so that it will repel the holes from P-type and turn it temporary N-type. This creates a channel joining two N-type strip so that current flow from drain. If the potential against gain terminal is greater, than the channel will become wider which ends with large current. So to conduct this type, positive voltage is applied to gate. http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/n-channel-de-mosfet-structure.jpg (March 20, 2011) Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is operated in two modes they are: Depletion mode Enhancement mode DEPLETION MODE: Regardless of weather a MOSFET is N-type or P-type material but there are still fundamental difference between depletion mode and enhancement mode. To form a thin layer of silicon-oxide along one side of the channel is easy, and then leave the metal gate region down over the insulator. The gate channel will act as a semiconductor resistance as there Is not current applied to it, P-N junction is not formed nor the depletion layer because the whole conduction of current depends upon the voltage applied between source and drain. If we apply sufficient voltage across source and drain the current will flow through the channel. When negative voltage is applied through the gate terminal it will repel electron charge away from the gate terminal. But as N-type contain majority electron charge carriers by repelling then away from gate the applied negative voltage will create a depletion region. So the process is called Depletion Mode Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor. THE ENHANCEMENT MODE MOSFET: Enhancement mode contains two N-type channel and one P-type channel which is sandwiched between both N-type as shown in fig 2. Applying the positive voltage to the drain terminal with respect to source terminal and applying positive terminal to gate terminal. As a result it will attract all the free electrons towards the gate. As the positive voltage is increased the electric field will also become wider and more electrons are attracted. There are free electrons in P-type, source junction is forward biased, so the positive gate voltage can attract electrons towards the gate. The electrons which are attracted towards the gate will enhance the channel within the P-type region as shown in fig 3. This will bridge the gap between source and the drain and it will start FIG 2 FIG 3 COMAPRISON BETWEEN MOSFET AND BJT: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Transistor (MOSFET) It is semiconductor device having three active electrodes known as Gate, Source and Drain. Conduction takes place due to either holes or electrons. Hence it is a unipolar Transistor. It is voltage controlled device. Its operation depends upon the flow of majority carriers only. It has high input impedance. It is less noisy than tube or bipolar transistor. There are two type of FETs N-channel P-channel. It is simpler to fabricate and occupies less space. It has thermal stability. It can be used as voltage variable resistor. It has very fast switching time. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) It is a semiconductor device consisting of three electrodes known as Base, Emitter and Collector. Conduction takes place due to holes and electrons. Hence it is a bipolar device. BJT is a current controlled device. It operation depend upon the flow of both majority and minority carriers. BJT has low input impedance. BJT device is noisy. There are two type of BJTs NPN and PNP. BJT is difficult to construct and occupies more space. BJT does not have thermal stability. BJT cannot be used as voltage variable resistor. ADVANTAGE OF MOSFET DEVICE: When compared to MOSFET, its switching time is slow Its switching time is 10 times greater than a bipolar junction It has very much switching current. It is less affected by temperature. DISADVANTAGE OF MOSFET DEVICE: It has very high resistance as compared to bipolar transistor. It can be destroyed by high voltage, especially static electricity. USES OF MOSFETs: MOSFETs can also be used as voltage variable resistor. It is also used as an amplifier. It is also used to prevent power losses. It is used as a switch. It is used as a voltage control device. REFERENCES: Books: Owen Bishop (1995), Understand Electronics, Great Britain, Athenaeum Press Ltd. (http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/waveforms/555_timer.html )feb 10, 2011 (http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/flashlcd.gif FEB 10, 2011) (http://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Electronics_AS/Electronics_Module_1/topic_11/topic_11__555_timer_circuit.htm FEB 10, 2011) ( http://www.antonine-education.co.uk/Electronics_AS/Electronics_Module_ 1/topic_11/topic_11__555_timer_circuit.htm FEB 10, 2011 (http://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Electronics_AS/Electronics_Module_1/topic_11/topic_11__555_timer_circuit.htmFEB 11, 2011) (http://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Electronics_AS/Electronics_Module_1/topic_11/topic_11__555_timer_circuit.htm FEB 11, 2011) http://www.free-circuits.com/diagrams/n/14qwe.gif (March 20, 2011) http://www.interfacebus.com/JFET-N-Channel-symbol.png (March 20, 2011) http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/n-channel-de-mosfet-structure.jpg (March 20, 2011) How to cite Electronics, Essay examples

The Odyssey Essay Paper Example For Students

The Odyssey Essay Paper The OdysseyThe Odyssey is one of the two great epic poems written by the ancient Greek poet Homer. Due to its antiquity, it is not known when or where it was first written, nevertheless, the approximate date and place is 700 BC Greece. Later publications are widespread as the text is transcribed in modern English with no deviation from the original story. The story is set in the lands and seas in close proximity to Greece changing by books as Odysseus, the protagonist hero, recounts of his many fated adventures and misfortunes in a series of flashbacks. Odysseus, a survivor of the bloody Trojan War that left many Greek heroes dead and a city plundered, yearns to return Ithaca and his wife Penelope, who is solicited by countless suitors, yet due to an accidental grievance done to the God of Sea, Poseidon, Odysseus is plagued by misfortunes and spend nearly ten years traveling the seas searching a path home. The Odyssey is written in the third person omniscient perspective, perhaps the only voice capable of integrating Homers usage of the Gods and the supernatural. This perspective shifts as necessary to give the reader a full understanding of Odysseus journeys. In fact, without incorporating the supernatural forces, there would be no way of understanding why Odysseus is met with such inhospitality from certain Gods or constructing a majestic recount of the actions in the plot. Odysseus is the classic Greek hero by all standards. He is a hardened warrior who has fought against the Trojans, a dutiful husband who would journey years to return home, a cunning wayfarer who fares well with any host hostile or amicable, and a mortal in bipolar relation with the Gods. He may be the protagonist, yet as a mortal, he is only a servant to the Greek Gods. Poseidon has a bitter grudge against Odysseus for blinding the Cyclopes Polyphemus, yet Homer balances Odysseus fate by giving him the aid of the Goddess Athena. Thus, Odysseus fortunes and misfortunes are all the deeds and misdeeds of the Gods, and the protagonist is subject to his fate as determined by the supernatural. Homers implications about the life and fate of a man could be easily recapitulated as uncontrollable. Though the Greek Gods do not exist, mans fortunes and misfortunes still contain unexplainable entropy, leaving mortals with no precise knowledge or grasp of their future yet mortals do have an unfail ing sense of hope, just as Odysseus is determined to return home despite his foes and hardships. Odysseus wife Penelope is also an important character in the story despite the fact that Homer only writes in fragments about her. Without any news of Odysseus after the end of the Trojan War, she is treated as a widow and wooed by many soliciting men from the neighboring area. Homer has characterized her with an unfailing constitution and loyalty to Odysseus. She fends off the suitors with her cleverness, exemplified by her pretentious indecisive publicized to all the suitors, and waits desperately for Odysseus for indefinite years. Penelope is seen as stubborn in the eyes of her lovers, yet, unbeknownst to these men, her loyalty will be awarded when the Gods finally return Odysseus back to her as according to his fate. The Goddess Athena also favors her and help guides her faith despite the pressure of the suitors and Odysseuss years away. Homer has fictionalized Penelope with the necessary traits that make an ideal wife in Greek times. She is imbued with unyielding character, quic k wit, and lasting beauty. Athena is a prominent figure of the plot. According to Greek mythology, she is the daughter of Zeus, King of gods and men, and the goddess of wisdom and battle. As with many feminine supernatural figures in The Odyssey, she has a predilection for Odysseus and would watch over him passively throughout the plot. Homer has underscored her aid to Odysseus to counterbalance the weakening brought upon him by Poseidon. This careful equilibrium of heavenly forces is the constant recurring element in the plot that keeps Odysseus alive yet suffering at the same time. Her appearances in the plot are often under the disguise of mortal figures, mystifying her true identity as a goddess to all, yet she does reveal herself to Odysseus at several points, which shows a deep favorability that Homer protrudes to glorify Odysseus. Emily Dickinson, A Creative Poet During The Mid-nineteenth Century, Wr EssayHomer also uses the monsters in The Odyssey as indirect depictions of his ideas. The Cyclops Polyphemus, a behemoth giant, symbolizes natures brute force. It has the power of hundreds of men, yet it is hindered by a diminutive intelligence. Thus, Odysseus cunning defeat of Polyphemus proves to be the conquest of wit over strength. Homer also glorifies the evolutionary advantages of mortals mind over pure nature, yet Homer carefully limits this daring statement by introducing Poseidons vengeful punishments. Perhaps Homer has two contrasting messages about mans abilities over nature: man can defeat nature because of his intellect, yet it is often unwise to clash against nature. Another monster, the Sirens, is the apparent embodiment of all the deceitful temptations in mans life. The Sirens persuade men into their traps by beautiful hypnotic songs. Once a sailor has entered their trance, his or her life is doomed to Hades. Homer shows that there are many false enticements in the world; the only way to pass these obstacles is to maintain a linear course and never deviate from a fortified moral constitution. To be persuaded by these temptations is to fall into the fatal control of others, to be used without knowing. In the story, Odysseus hears songs about Ithaca and he is filled with nostalgia at that moment, yet his men controlled the ship and steered clear of danger. Sometimes, these temptations may be so alluring that a momentary emotional outbreak occurs, yet man should never rely purely on emotions, rather, rational thinking and logic must be prioritized to prevent fatal mistakes. One other monster, the six-headed Scylla, is the symbol of sacrifice. As Odysseus sails past the strait between Scylla and the whirlpool of Charybdis, he is forced to make a harsh decision to sail by Scylla and lose at most six sailors rather than sailing by Charybdis and lose the entire crew. It was a hard decision for Odysseus to make, yet it is the only way to save the entire crew. Homer establishes a clear message about the necessity to sacrifice in time of need despite certain unpreventable losses. Another important symbol employed by Homer also concerns the deities. Every time a deity visits Odysseus, a mortal form is chosen and the deitys true identity is kept secret. This disguise represents the idea that life can never by judged purely by the outlook. The true significance of things is not proportionally reflected by their material form. The suitors can also be seen as thugs in disguises of gentlemen. Even though they promise to be civil visitors in the residence of Penelope, they are truly symbols of the lowest form that men can be. Their characterizations bring up only disgust and hatred, the far extreme low point of humanity. In other terms, the manifestation of anything may either be an overstatement or an understatement of the truth. Relevant to this idea, Homer also mentions the importance of modesty and amicability. Odysseus is always humble and gracious to the people he meets, despite their stature in the world. This is one of the many characteristics of Odysseus th at makes him welcomed by many. Homers theme may be that hospitality is one of the more honorable traits of humanity and a moral that should be shared by many. Homer has built a myriad of symbols and themes in The Odyssey. His epic is not only an entertaining enduring literature, but an education and enlightening of the mind. The plot moves continuously from action to action, yet weaved within the twenty-four books of this poem is numerous life lessons that are invaluable to even the modern society.